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Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry practicals | Pharm.D. Year 1 Practicals

This subject follows the three parts of the Pharmacy Council of India's Pharm.D. Regulations, 2008 practical list: preparation of named compounds, systematic qualitative analysis, and introduction to stereo models. The 14 synthesis entries, 11 named qualitative-analysis classes, and 7 named model topics have individual source pages and static labelled SVGs in this folder. The PCI describes the qualitative classes and model topics within two broad sections rather than numbering every class as a separate experiment. Moose will build the site cards and navigation from these source files. [1]

Synthesis and isolation

The first fourteen pages move through acetylation, benzoylation, bromination, condensation, coupling, ester hydrolysis, nitration, oxidation, reduction, oxime formation, and related transformations. Several PCI lines give alternatives; each source page states which named option it covers. Students record actual starting amounts, limiting reagent, dry isolated mass, and identity evidence. Pre-assumed numbers appear only in clearly labelled worked calculations and never stand in for an observed result.

The picric acid syllabus item is represented as a document-based safety study. NIOSH identifies serious explosive hazards, especially with dry or crystallized material, so the page gives no synthesis or handling procedure. Moose should review this specific teaching substitution before building its page. [2]

Systematic qualitative analysis

Eleven pages cover phenols, amides, carbohydrates, amines, carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones, alcohols, esters, hydrocarbons, anilides, and nitrocompounds. Each page separates a coded unknown from blanks and known controls, then explains what a positive or negative observation can support. Most class tests are screens with overlapping responses. A second approved observation or identity record is needed before naming a specific compound. [1, 3]

Stereo model studies

Seven pages use physical models for methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, cis alkene, trans alkene, and inversion of configuration. They compare tetrahedral, planar, and linear geometry; single-bond rotation; double-bond restriction; same-side and opposite-side arrangements; and inversion at a stereocentre. The accompanying SVGs show observation workflows, not chemical structures. No reaction reagents are used for these model exercises. [1, 4]

Using these pages

The [practicals index](../.. Read the aim and theory, follow only the instructor-approved local method, record real observations in the blank tables, and compare findings with the linked references. This hub overview is source copy for review; Moose handles site page building and deployment.

Sources

1. Pharmacy Council of India. Pharm.D. Regulations, 2008, Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry practical list.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NIOSH. Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Picric Acid.
3. California State University, Bakersfield. Qualitative Organic Analysis.
4. OpenStax. Carbon and molecular geometry.

Practical exercises

1. 1. Preparation of Aspirin by Acetylation

   To prepare aspirin from salicylic acid, isolate the solid product, and calculate its percentage yield. This article covers the aspirin option in Pharmaceutical

2. 2. Preparation of Benzanilide by Benzoylation

   To prepare and isolate benzanilide from aniline and benzoyl chloride, and calculate a theoretical and percentage yield. This is the benzanilide option under PCI

3. 3. Preparation of 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline by Bromination

   To study the supervised bromination of aniline and record the isolation and percentage yield of 2,4,6-tribromoaniline. This is the 2,4,6-tribromoaniline option

4. 4. Preparation of Dibenzylideneacetone by Condensation

   To prepare dibenzylideneacetone, also called dibenzalacetone, by condensation of benzaldehyde with acetone, isolate the product, and calculate percentage yield.

5. 5. Preparation of 1-Phenylazo-2-naphthol by Diazotization and Coupling

   To prepare 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol from aniline through diazotization followed by coupling with 2-naphthol, then isolate the coloured product and calculate yield

6. 6. Preparation of Salicylic Acid by Ester Hydrolysis

   To prepare salicylic acid by hydrolysing methyl salicylate, isolate the acid, and calculate percentage yield. This covers the salicylic acid option in PCI Pharm

7. 7. Preparation of meta-Dinitrobenzene by Nitration

   To study the supervised nitration of nitrobenzene to meta-dinitrobenzene, record isolation observations, and calculate a conditional yield. This is PCI Pharmace

8. 8. Preparation of Benzoic Acid from Toluene by Oxidation

   To prepare benzoic acid by oxidation of the side chain of toluene and calculate percentage yield. This covers the benzoic acid from toluene option under PCI Pha

9. 9. Preparation of Aniline from Nitrobenzene by Reduction

   To study reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline, document product isolation, and calculate a conditional percentage yield. This is the aniline option in PCI Pharm

10. 10. Preparation of Benzophenone Oxime

    To prepare benzophenone oxime from benzophenone, isolate the product, and calculate its percentage yield. This is PCI Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry synthesis

11. 11. Nitration of Salicylic Acid

    To study nitration of salicylic acid, record the assigned product identity, and calculate a conditional yield if a verified mono-nitrated product dataset is pro

12. 12. Preparation of Picric Acid: Document-Based Safety Study

    To study PCI Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry synthesis item I.12, “Preparation of picric acid,” through a supervised documentary exercise that identifies the p

13. 13. Preparation of ortho-Chlorobenzoic Acid from ortho-Chlorotoluene

    To prepare 2-chlorobenzoic acid, also called ortho-chlorobenzoic acid, by oxidation of ortho-chlorotoluene and calculate percentage yield. This is PCI Pharmaceu

14. 14. Preparation of Cyclohexanone from Cyclohexanol

    To prepare cyclohexanone by controlled oxidation of cyclohexanol, isolate the product, and calculate its percentage yield. This is Pharmaceutical Organic Chemis

15. 15. Systematic Qualitative Analysis of Phenols

    To examine a coded organic sample for a phenolic group using a controlled ferric chloride comparison and a second approved observation. This is the phenols clas

16. 16. Systematic Qualitative Analysis of Amides

    To identify evidence for an amide in a coded organic sample using controlled alkaline hydrolysis and a second approved classification check. Amides are a named

17. 17. Systematic Qualitative Analysis of Carbohydrates

    To examine a coded sample for carbohydrate behaviour and distinguish a reducing-sugar response from a starch response using approved qualitative tests. Carbohyd

18. 18. Systematic Qualitative Analysis of Amines

    To screen a coded sample for amine-like basicity using acid solubility and an approved second check. Amines are a named class in PCI Pharmaceutical Organic Chem

19. 19. Systematic Qualitative Analysis of Carboxylic Acids

    To identify evidence for a carboxylic acid group in a coded organic sample using an aqueous bicarbonate comparison and a second approved check. Carboxylic acids

20. 20. Systematic Qualitative Analysis of Aldehydes and Ketones

    To screen a coded organic sample for a carbonyl group and distinguish an aldehyde from a ketone using separate approved evidence. Aldehydes and ketones form one

21. 21. Systematic Qualitative Analysis of Alcohols

    To test a coded sample for alcohol-group behaviour using a controlled ceric ammonium nitrate comparison and a second approved observation. Alcohols are a named

22. 22. Systematic Qualitative Analysis of Esters

    To screen a coded organic sample for an ester using a controlled ferric hydroxamate test and review supporting hydrolysis or identity evidence. Esters are named

23. 23. Systematic Qualitative Analysis of Hydrocarbons

    To classify a coded hydrocarbon sample as showing alkene-like unsaturation or a less reactive saturated or aromatic pattern, using controlled qualitative eviden

24. 24. Systematic Qualitative Analysis of Anilides

    To examine a coded organic sample for evidence consistent with an anilide and document the limits of the classification. Anilides are named in PCI Pharmaceutica

25. 25. Systematic Qualitative Analysis of Nitrocompounds

    To evaluate a coded organic sample or verified analytical record for a nitro group using controlled screening and independent confirmation. Nitrocompounds are t

26. 26. Stereo Model Study: Methane

    To use a stereo model to recognize the tetrahedral arrangement around carbon in methane. Methane is the first named topic in PCI Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistr

27. 27. Stereo Model Study: Ethane

    To use a stereo model to compare rotation about the carbon-carbon single bond of ethane and identify staggered and eclipsed conformations. Ethane is the second

28. 28. Stereo Model Study: Ethylene (Ethene)

    To use a stereo model to identify the planar arrangement around each carbon of ethylene, also called ethene, and explain restricted rotation at a double bond. E

29. 29. Stereo Model Study: Acetylene (Ethyne)

    To use a stereo model to identify the linear arrangement of acetylene, also called ethyne, and contrast it with tetrahedral and planar examples. Acetylene is th

30. 30. Stereo Model Study: Cis Alkene

    To construct or inspect a substituted cis alkene model and identify the same-side relationship of a specified pair of comparable substituents. This is the fifth

31. 31. Stereo Model Study: Trans Alkene

    To construct or inspect a substituted trans alkene model and identify the opposite-side relationship of a specified pair of comparable substituents. This is the

32. 32. Stereo Model Study: Inversion of Configuration

    To use a physical stereocentre model to demonstrate inversion of spatial arrangement during a backside substitution concept. Inversion of configuration is the s

Theory notes: Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry

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