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Pharm D Year 2 Syllabus

This page gives the complete syllabus for Year 2 of the Pharm D course, exactly as prescribed by the Pharmacy Council of India (PCI) in the Pharm.D. Regulations 2008. Every subject of the year is listed below with its full syllabus: scope and objectives and the detailed syllabus and lecture wise schedule for theory subjects, and the full list of experiments for practical subjects.

Subjects in this year

2.1 Pathophysiology (Theory)

Scope of the Subject: This course is designed to impart a thorough knowledge of the relevant aspects of pathology of various conditions with reference to its pharmacological applications, and understanding of basic Pathophysiological mechanisms. Hence it will not only help to study the syllabus of pathology, but also to get baseline knowledge of its application in other subject of pharmacy.

Objectives of the Subject: Upon completion of the subject student shall be able to -

a. describe the etiology and pathogenesis of the selected disease states; b. name the signs and symptoms of the diseases; and c. mention the complications of the diseases.

Detailed Syllabus and Lecture Wise Schedule

Chapter 1. Basic principles of cell injury and Adaptation

a) Causes, Pathogenesis and morphology of cell injury b) Abnormalities in lipoproteinaemia, glycogen infiltration and glycogen infiltration and glycogen infiltration and glycogen storage diseases

2. Inflammation

a) Pathogenesis of acute inflammation, Chemical mediators in inflammation, Types of chronic inflammation b) Repairs of wounds in the skin, factors influencing healing of wounds

3. Diseases of Immunity

a) Introduction to T and B cells b) MHC proteins or transplantation antigens c) Immune tolerance

• Hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity type I, II, III, IV, Biological significance, Allergy due to food, chemicals and drugs
• Autoimmunity: Criteria for autoimmunity, Classifications of autoimmune diseases in man, mechanism of autoimmunity, Transplantation and immunologic tolerance, allograft rejections, transplantation antigens, mechanism of rejection of allograft.
• Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
• Amylodosis

4. Cancer: differences between benign and malignant tumors, Histological diagnosis of malignancy, invasions and metastasis, patterns of spread, disturbances of growth of cells, classification of tumors, general biology of tumors, spread of malignant tumors, etiology and pathogenesis of cancer.
5. Types of shock, mechanisms, stages and management
6. Biological effects of radiation
7. Environmental and nutritional diseases i) Air pollution and smoking- SO2, NO, NO2, and CO ii) Protein calorie malnutrition, vitamins, obesity, pathogenesis of starvation.
8. Pathophysiology of common diseases a. Parkinsonism b. Schizophrenia c. Depression and mania d. Hypertension, e. Stroke (ischaemic and hemorrhage) f. Angina, CCF, Atherosclerosis, Myocardial infarction g. Diabetes Mellitus h. Peptic ulcer and inflammatory bowel diseases i. Cirrhosis and Alcoholic liver diseases j. Acute and chronic renal failure k. Asthma and chronic obstructive airway diseases
9. Infectious diseases: Sexually transmitted diseases (HIV, Syphilis, Gonorrhea), Urinary tract infections, Pneumonia, Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Malaria Dysentery (bacterial and amoebic), Hepatitis - infective hepatitis.

Assignments: Title of the Experiment

1. Chemical Mediators of inflammation
2. Drug Hypersensitivity
3. Cigarette smoking & its ill effects
4. Biological Effects of Radiation
5. Etiology and hazards of obesity
6. Complications of diabetes
7. Diagnosis of cancer
8. Disorders of vitamins
9. Methods in Pathology - Laboratory values of clinical significance
10. Pathophysiology of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)

Format of the assignment: 1. Minimum & Maximum number of pages. 2. Reference(s) shall be included at the end. 3. Assignment can be a combined presentation at the end of the academic year 4. It shall be computer draft copy. 5. Name and signature of the student 6. Time allocated for presentation may be 8+2 Min.

2.2 Pharmaceutical Microbiology (Theory)

Scope of the Subject: Microbiology has always been an essential component of pharmacy curriculum. This is because of the relevance of microbiology to pharmaceutical sciences and more specifically to pharmaceutical industry. Pharmaceutical biotechnology is the logical extension of pharmaceutical microbiology, which is expected to change the complete drug product scenario in the future.

This course deals with the various aspects of microorganisms, its classification, morphology, laboratory cultivation identification and maintenance. Its also discusses with sterilization of pharmaceutical products, equipment, media etc. The course further discusses the immunological preparations, diseases its transmission, diagnosis, control and immunological tests.

Objectives of the Subject: Upon completion of the subject student shall be able to -

a. know the anatomy, identification, growth factors and sterilization of microorganisms; b. know the mode of transmission of disease causing microorganism, symptoms of disease, and treatment aspect; c. do estimation of RNA and DNA and there by identifying the source; d. do cultivation and identification of the microorganisms in the laboratory; e. do identification of diseases by performing the diagnostic tests; and f. appreciate the behavior of motility and behavioral characteristics of microorganisms.

Detailed Syllabus and Lecture Wise Schedule

Title of the topic

1. Introduction to the science of microbiology. Major divisions of microbial world and Relationship among them.
2. Different methods of classification of microbes and study of Bacteria, Fungi, virus, Rickettsiae, Spirochetes.
3. Nutritional requirements, growth and cultivation of bacteria and virus. Study of different important media required for the growth of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria & fungi. Differential media, enriched media and selective media, maintenance of lab cultures.
4. Different methods used in isolation and identification of bacteria with emphasis to different staining techniques and biochemical reactions. Counting of bacteria - Total and Viable counting techniques.
5. Detailed study of different methods of sterilization including their merits and demerits. Sterilization methods for all pharmaceutical products. Detailed study of sterility testing of different pharmaceutical preparations. Brief information on Validation.
6. Disinfectants - Study of disinfectants, antiseptics, fungicidal and virucidal agents factors affecting their activation and mechanism of action. Evaluation of bactericidal, bacteristatic, , virucidal activities, evaluation of preservatives in pharmaceutical preparations.
7. Immunology - Immunity, Definition, Classification, General principles of natural immunity, Phagocytosis, acquired immunity (active and passive). Antigens, chemical nature of antigens structure and formation of Antibodies, Antigen-Antibody reactions. Bacterial exotoxins and endotoxins. Significance of toxoids in active immunity, Immunization programme, and importance of booster dose.
8. Diagnostic tests: Schick's Test, Elisa test, Western Blot test, Southern Blot PCR Widal, QBC, Mantaux Peripheral smear. Study of malarial parasite.
9. Microbial culture sensitivity Testing: Interpretation of results Principles and methods of different microbiological assays, microbiological assay of Penicillin, Streptomycin and vitamin B2 and B12. Standardisation of vaccines and sera.
10. Study of infectious diseases: Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Malaria, Cholera, Hepatitis, Meningitis, Syphilis & Gonorrhea and HIV.

2.2 Pharmaceutical Microbiology (Practical)

Title of the Experiment:

1. Study of apparatus used in experimental microbiology*.
2. Sterilisation of glass ware's. Preparation of media and sterilisation.*
3. Staining techniques - Simple staining ; Gram's staining ; Negative staining**
4. Study of motility characters*.
5. Enumeration of microorganisms (Total and Viable)*
6. Study of the methods of isolation of pure culture.*
7. Bio chemical testing for the identification of micro-organisms.
8. Cultural sensitivity testing for some microorganisms.*
9. Sterility testing for powders and liquids.*
10. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration.*
11. Microbiological assay of antibiotics by cup plate method.*
12. Microbiological assay of vitamins by Turbidometric method**
13. Determination of RWC.**
14. Diagnostic tests for some common diseases, Widal, malarial parasite.**

• Indicate minor experiment & ** indicate major experiment

Assignments:

1. Visit to some pathological laboratories & study the activities and equipment/instruments used and reporting the same.
2. Visit to milk dairies (Pasturization) and microbial laboratories (other sterization methods) & study the activities and equipment/instruments used and reporting the same.
3. Library assignments a. Report of recent microbial techniques developed in diagnosing some common diseases. b. Latest advancement developed in identifying, cultivating & handling of microorganisms.

Format of the assignment: 1. Minimum & Maximum number of pages. 2. It shall be computer draft copy. 3. Reference(s) shall be included at the end. 4. Name and signature of the student. 5. Assignment can be a combined presentation at the end of the academic year. 6. Time allocated for presentation may be 8+2 Min.

2.3 Pharmacognosy & Phytopharmaceuticals (Theory)

Scope and objectives: This subject has been introduced for the pharmacy course in order to make the student aware of medicinal uses of various naturally occurring drugs its history, sources, distribution, method of cultivation, active constituents, medicinal uses, identification tests, preservation methods, substitutes and adulterants.

Upon completion of the course student shall be able to:

a. under stand the basic principles of cultivation, collection and storage of crude drugs; b. know the source, active constituents and uses of crude drugs; and c. appreciate the applications of primary and secondary metabolites of the plant.

Lecture Wise Programme

Topics

1. Introduction.
2. Definition, history and scope of Pharmacognosy.
3. Classification of crude drugs.
4. Cultivation, collection, processing and storage of crude drugs.
5. Detailed method of cultivation of crude drugs.
6. Study of cell wall constituents and cell inclusions.
7. Microscopical and powder Microscopical study of crude drugs.
8. Study of natural pesticides.
9. Detailed study of various cell constituents.
10. Carbohydrates and related products.
11. Detailed study carbohydrates containing drugs. (11 drugs)
12. Definition sources, method extraction, chemistry and method of analysis of lipids.
13. Detailed study of oils.
14. Definition, classification, chemistry and method of analysis of protein.
15. Study of plants fibers used in surgical dressings and related products.
16. Different methods of adulteration of crude drugs.

2.3 Pharmacognosy & Phytopharmaceuticals (Practical)

List of experiments:

1. Introduction of Pharmacognosy laboratory and experiments.
2. Study of cell wall constituents and cell inclusions.
3. Macro, powder and microscopic study of Datura.
4. Macro, powder and microscopic study of Senna.
5. Macro, powder and microscopic study of Cassia.cinnamon.
6. Macro, powder and microscopic study of Cinchona.
7. Macro, powder and microscopic study of Ephedra.
8. Macro, powder and microscopic study of Quassia.
9. Macro, powder and microscopic study of Clove
10. Macro, powder and microscopic study of Fennel.
11. Macro, powder and microscopic study of Coriander.
12. Macro, powder and microscopic study of Isapgol.
13. Macro, powder and microscopic study of Nux vomica.
14. Macro, powder and microscopic study of Rauwolfia.
15. Macro, powder and microscopic study of Liquorice.
16. Macro, powder and microscopic study of Ginger.
17. Macro, powder and microscopic study of Podophyllum.
18. Determination of Iodine value.
19. Determination of Saponification value and unsaponifiable matter.
20. Determination of ester value.
21. Determination of Acid value.
22. Chemical tests for Acacia.
23. Chemical tests for Tragacanth.
24. Chemical tests for Agar.
25. Chemical tests for Starch.
26. Chemical tests for Lipids. (castor oil, sesame oil, shark liver oil, bees wax)
27. Chemical tests for Gelatin.

2.4 Pharmacology-I (Theory)

Scope of the Subject: This subject will provide an opportunity for the student to learn about the drug with regard to classification, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic aspects, adverse effects, uses, dose, route of administration, precautions, contraindications and interaction with other drugs. In this subject, apart from general pharmacology, drugs acting on autonomic nervous system, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, blood and blood forming agents and renal system will be taught. In addition to theoretical knowledge, the basic practical knowledge relevant to therapeutics will be imparted.

Objectives of the Subject: Upon completion of the subject student shall be able to (Know, do, appreciate) -

a. understand the pharmacological aspects of drugs falling under the above mentioned chapters; b. handle and carry out the animal experiments; c. appreciate the importance of pharmacology subject as a basis of therapeutics; and d. correlate and apply the knowledge therapeutically.

Detailed Syllabus and Lecture Wise Schedule

Title of the topic

1. General Pharmacology

a) Introduction, definitions and scope of pharmacology b) Routes of administration of drugs c) Pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) d) Pharmacodynamics e) Factors modifying drug effects f) Drug toxicity - Acute, subacute and chronic toxicity. g) Preclinical evaluations h) Drug interactions

Note: The term Pharmacology used here refers to the classification, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse effects, contraindications, Therapeutic uses, interactions and dose and route of administration.

2. Pharmacology of drugs acting on ANS

a) Adrenergic and antiadrenergic drugs b) Cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs c) Neuromuscular blockers d) Mydriactics and miotics e) Drugs used in myasthenia gravis f) Drugs used in Parkinsonism

3. Pharmacology of drugs acting on cardiovascular system

a) Antihypertensives b) Antianginal drugs c) Antiarrhythmic drugs d) Drugs used for therapy of Congestive Heart Failure e) Drugs used for hyperlipidaemias

4. Pharmacology of drugs acting on Central Nervous System

a) General anesthetics b) Sedatives and hypnotics c) Anticonvulsants d) Analgesic and antiinflammatory agents e) Psychotropic drugs f) Alcohol and methyl alcohol g) CNS stimulants and cognition enhancers h) Pharmacology of local anaesthetics

5. Pharmacology of Drugs acting on Respiratory tract

a) Bronchodilators b) Mucolytics c) Expectorants d) Antitussives e) NasalDecongestants

6. Pharmacology of Hormones and Hormone antagonists

a) Thyroid and Antithyroid drugs b) Insulin, Insulin analogues and oral hypoglycemic agents c) Sex hormones and oral contraceptives d) Oxytocin and other stimulants and relaxants

7. Pharmacology of autocoids and their antagonists

a) Histamines and Antihistaminics b) 5-Hydroxytryptamine and its antagonists c) Lipid derived autocoids and platelet activating factor

2.5 Community Pharmacy (Theory)

Scope: In the changing scenario of pharmacy practice in India, Community Pharmacists are expected to offer various pharmaceutical care services. In order to meet this demand, students will be learning various skills such as dispensing of drugs, responding to minor ailments by providing suitable safe medication, patient counselling, health screening services for improved patient care in the community set up.

Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able to -

a. know pharmaceutical care services; b. know the business and professional practice management skills in community pharmacies; c. do patient counselling & provide health screening services to public in community pharmacy; d. respond to minor ailments and provide appropriate medication; e. show empathy and sympathy to patients; and f. appreciate the concept of Rational drug therapy.

Lecture Wise Programme

Topics

1. Definition, scope, of community pharmacy. Roles and responsibilities of Community pharmacist
2. Community Pharmacy Management a) Selection of site, Space layout, and design b) Staff, Materialscoding, stocking c) Legal requirements d) Maintenance of various registers e) Use of Computers: Business and health care soft wares
3. Prescriptions - parts of prescription, legality & identification of medication related problems like drug interactions.
4. Inventory control in community pharmacy. Definition, various methods of Inventory Control - ABC, VED, EOQ, Lead time, safety stock
5. Pharmaceutical care. Definition and Principles of Pharmaceutical care.
6. Patient counselling. Definition, outcomes, various stages, barriers, Strategies to overcome barriers. Patient information leaflets - content, design, & layouts, advisory labels
7. Patient medication adherence. Definition, Factors affecting medication adherence, role of pharmacist in improving the adherence.
8. Health screening services. Definition, importance, methods for screening - Blood pressure/ blood sugar/ lung function and Cholesterol testing
9. OTC Medication - Definition, OTC medication list & Counselling
10. Health Education. WHO Definition of health, and health promotion, care for children, pregnant & breast feeding women, and geriatric patients. Commonly occurring Communicable Diseases, causative agents, Clinical presentations and prevention of communicable diseases - Tuberculosis, Hepatitis, Typhoid, Amoebiasis, Malaria, Leprosy, Syphilis, Gonorrhea and AIDS. Balance diet, and treatment & prevention of deficiency disorders. Family planning - role of pharmacist
11. Responding to symptoms of minor ailments. Relevant pathophysiology, common drug therapy to, Pain, GI disturbances (Nausea, Vomiting, Dyspepsia, diarrhea, constipation), Pyrexia, Opthalmic symptoms, worms infestations.
12. Essential Drugs concept and Rational Drug Therapy. Role of community pharmacist
13. Code of ethics for community pharmacists

2.6 Pharmacotherapeutics-I (Theory)

Scope of the Subject: This course is designed to impart knowledge and skills necessary for contribution to quality use of medicines. Chapters dealt cover briefly pathophysiology and mostly therapeutics of various diseases. This will enable the student to understand the pathophysiology of common diseases and their management.

Objectives: At completion of this subject it is expected that students will be able to understand -

a. the pathophysiology of selected disease states and the rationale for drug therapy; b. the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases; c. the controversies in drug therapy; d. the importance of preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis; e. needs to identify the patientspecific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy, and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, timecourse of clinical and laboratory indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects); f. describe the pathophysiology of selected disease states and explain the rationale for drug therapy; g. summarise the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases including reference to the latest available evidence; h. discuss the controversies in drug therapy; i. discuss the preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis; and j. identify the patientspecific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy, and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, timecourse of clinical and laboratory indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects).

Detailed Syllabus and Lecture Wise Schedule

Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of diseases associated with following systems/ diseases

Title of the topic

1. Cardiovascular system: Hypertension, Congestive cardiac failure, Angina Pectoris, Myocardial infarction, , Hyperlipidaemias , Electrophysiology of heart and Arrhythmias
2. Respiratory system : Introduction to Pulmonary function test, Asthma, Chronic obstructive airways disease, Drug induced pulmonary diseases

Endocrine system : Diabetes, Thyroid diseases, Oral contraceptives, Hormone replacement therapy, Osteoporosis

3. General prescribing guidelines for a. Paediatric patients b. Geriatric patients c. Pregnancy and breast feeding
4. Ophthalmology: Glaucoma, Conjunctivitis - viral & bacterial
5. Introduction to rational drug use. Definition, Role of pharmacist Essential drug concept Rational drug formulations

2.6 Pharmacotherapeutics-I (Practical)

Practicals : Hospital postings in various departments designed to complement the lectures by providing practical clinical discussion; attending ward rounds; follow up the progress and changes made in drug therapy in allotted patients; case presentation upon discharge.

Students are required to maintain a record of cases presented and the same should be submitted at the end of the course for evaluation. A minimum of 20 cases should be presented and recorded covering most common diseases.

Assignments : Students are required to submit written assignments on the topics given to them. Topics allotted should cover recent developments in drug therapy of various diseases. A minimum of THREE assignments [1500 - 2000 words] should be submitted for evaluation.

Format of the assignment: 1. Minimum & Maximum number of pages. 2. Reference(s) shall be included at the end. 3. Assignment can be a combined presentation at the end of the academic year. 4. It shall be computer draft copy. 5. Name and signature of the student. 6. Time allocated for presentation may be 8+2 Min.

Source: Pharmacy Council of India, New Delhi, Pharm.D. Regulations 2008 (published in the Gazette of India, No.19, Part III, Section 4, New Delhi, 10th May, 2008), Appendix-A (see regulation 8), Pharm.D. Syllabus. Syllabus text above is reproduced from the PCI syllabus.